ABSTRACT
This article delves into four types of drug delivery systems, capitalizing on the discovery of
RNA’s presence in various animal species, including humans, and its evolution as a novel
therapeutic avenue. Among the most promising strategies for advancing new drug delivery
systems are those centered on neutrophils (NP), which encompass two variants: neutrophils
as carriers and neutrophil membrane-derived nanovesicles. The third system, ENHANZE,
leverages human hyaluronidase PH20, also known as RHUPH20, to facilitate subcutaneous
drug delivery. The fourth pathway employs nanotechnology to convey natural drugs with
weak biological activity and poor absorption, addressing challenges in their stability within
the body.
INTRODUCTION
It has been discovered that RNA can be utilized as a method for treating genetic disorders,
gene expression, and regulation. Among the most important types of RNAs that scientists
are focusing on are siRNA and miRNA. Additionally, scientists have identified four types of
RNA-based drugs approved by the FDA, namely patisiran, givosiran, lumasiran, and
inclisiran. Each type of siRNA selectively targets miRNA. A system based on neutrophiles
has been employed, and here in this system, we will delve into a small part of
nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is a field where nanotechnology is used to deliver drugs to
targeted sites. Hence, the idea of using nanotechnology in cancer treatment emerged. The
ENHANZE technology has been utilized in substances intended for subcutaneous.
administration, as it has been found to facilitate the passage of interstitial fluids and
enhance the dispersion of commonly absorbed drugs. There are two types of hyaluronidase
in the body, HYAL-1 and HYAL-2, responsible for hyaluronan breakdown. In our fourth
system, which involves transporting natural substances and drugs through nanotechnology,
it was found that this technology encounters unknown mechanisms as well as a weakened
ability of natural substances to dissolve, limiting their usage. However, recently, scientists
have developed a new, safe type of NDDS in the form of capsules, lipid particles,
suspensions, and nanoemulsions to overcome this issue.
DISCUSSION
Scientists have endeavored to develop RNA-based therapeutic approaches; however,
altering the chemical structure of RNA renders it non-selective for target cells, increasing
the associated risks. miRNAs, derived from genome sequences 18 to 25 nucleotides long,
have the ability to target multiple gene copies, regulating common cellular pathways.
Conversely, exogenous siRNAs aim to control a specific gene type. Recently approved by
the FDA, patisiran treats hereditary transthyretine-mediated amyloidosis (HATTR).
Researchers found that when nanoparticles (NPs) were conjugated with abnormal albumin
proteins, they efficiently delivered anti-inflammatory agents to target sites, overcoming
blood cell barriers. Notably, albumin-coated NPs were specifically targeted to neutrophil-
expressed receptors, with FcγRII impacting their uptake. Active neutrophils play crucial
roles in inflammatory diseases, as confirmed by experiments demonstrating the specificity
of albumin NPs for active neutrophils. The ENHANZE technology, utilizing human
hyaluronidase, transforms hyaluronan into glycosaminoglycan, limiting fluid entry into the
skin and drug delivery, thereby enhancing pharmacokinetics. RHUPH20, a purified form
of PH20, proved superior to animal-derived hyaluronidase, gaining approval for cancer
treatment alongside trastuzumab and rituximab. Nano-based drug delivery systems offer
targeted tissue delivery, reducing adverse effects, but require meticulous size and surface
area control. Small sizes enhance stability, absorption, and immune system evasion,
benefiting cancer therapy. However, size increases within acceptable ranges facilitate
controlled release and delivery mechanism design.
CONCLUSION
From this article, we were able to identify various methods of drug delivery, along with
their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, we learned that nanotechnology is
utilized in cancer treatment through drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (NPs).
Nanotechnology is also employed in delivering natural substances with weak bioactivity
and poor absorption to their sites of action. Scientists have successfully utilized RNA in
certain treatments and have employed the ENHANZE technology for subcutaneous drug
delivery, overcoming skin barriers that restrict the flow of limited fluids.
REFERENCE
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9827509/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9827509/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661824000446?via%3Dihub
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6394283/
